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From articles in JFA Newsletter no. 11, May 1996 (with a small section linking to an account of the trip to the Cathedral by Miriam (Junkins) Proulx).
The inhabitants of Brechin in the 12th century would have included both merchants and tradesmen, originally primarily to serve the clergy. The merchants exported recycleables and imported exotic foods,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], wine, fine cloth and manufactured goods from Europe and England. The tradesmen did the basic processing of skins and hides, wove and dyed cloth, made shoes and clothes, baked bread, etc., and killed and cut animals. So, there were eventually: Skinners,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Websters (weavers), Liysyers (dyers), Cordiners or Sutors (shoemakers), Tailyeours (tailors), Baxters (bakers), and Fleshers (butchers) in Brechin.
From the 1350s, there is a record of a toft (household),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], apparently on the south side of Airlie Street, being leased in the Lordship of Brechin with permission to build premises for brewing, baking bread or slaughtering animals, that the latter may not always have been granted in other areas. There have been also Smiths (workers in metal), Masons (stone workers), and Wrichts (wood workers). Through the later middle ages, many of these occupational names occur as surnames in the city and some still practiced the trade that they derived their surnames, because sons often followed fathers within the same trade for generations.
Other surnames that descends from trades based in the 15th and 16th centuries were: Cutlar, Saidler, Chepman (peddlar), Hornar (horn spoon maker), Capper (maker of wooden bowls),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Potter and Hatmaker. The latter trade may not have been practiced in Brechin, but local potters provided crude bowls and jogs from local clay. An Allutare (potter) is recorded within the 15th century while there have been lands towards the north of Castle Street called Claypotts and Potterhillock.
In 1451, the bishop leased land about the east of High Street, south of the Little Mill, to John William, Tinctor (dyer). Water, of course, would be used in his trade and should have continued in this use for a time. In 1608, exactly the same property, called Litster's (dyers) Land, was inherited by David Dempster,1 skinner, from his father who presumably practiced exactly the same trade. Skinner also needed water to deal with skins as well as in 1605, the "Skynner Pots" are mentioned below the small Mill. The school or Kirk Burn only sometime later became known as the "Skinners Burn." The skinners used lime pots or pits to remove your hair from hides, and barking pots with oak bark to tan or cure the hides.
Language
The very first settlers who came to the bishops' new market town within the 12th century,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], whatever their origin; Gaels (Highlanders), Anglicans, Anglo-Scandinavians, French or Flemmings (some from northern England or southern Scotland) used a northern English dialect to speak. It had been the word what of trade in those days, but by the 14th century, it had spread in the burghs towards the fringe of the Grampians. Merely a minority of folk would have been bilingual. Gaelic was spoken just a few miles away within the Angus glens, into the latter 17th century and could have been heard on market days in Brechin.
The Anglo-Norman clergy, in the period about 1168 to 1218, should have communicated with their Gaelic colleagues in Latin, the language of learning and also the church. The local land-owning class plus some from the clergy spoke French, and the hospital, founded around 1265 in Brechin,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], was called Maison Dieu. French was replaced by the language of the common people by 1300. Within the 12th century, incoming Anglo-Norman barons also had to contact their English-speaking retainers and Gaelic-speaking tenants. The neighborhood Gaelic landowners, from around 1180 to 1300, also may hve been tri-lingual. By 1300, in and around Brechin, folk of classes were all simply Scots and called their tongue "Inglis." This middle English of early Scots basically would be a Northumbrian dialect with strong Flemish and Scandinavian overtones, with a number of Gaelic words. Hence, foil visited the Kirk instead of church, wore Sarks and Breeks instead of shirts and breeches, gave their Loun a Scone in the Lug, Redd up their Hooses, and ate an intermittent Partan.
Population
It would appear that before 1200, there were only about 20 civil tenants of the bishop in Brechin,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so possibly a population of 100 or less, plus 15 to 20 clergy. The 13th century would be a duration of peace and prosperity and so,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the populace probably grew to several hundred.
The Wars of Independence around 1300 and the plague of the 1340s must have disrupted and reduced the population, possibly by as much as a third, but you will find clear indications of a slow expansion and growth of the economy and also the population within the latter 14th century.
By 1600, there have been at least 120 Tofts (households) within Brechin, so by applying a factor of five for the family and dependents from the tenants, a potential population close to 600 can be estimated.
Development along the routes to Montrose and the bridge over the river South Esk, began within the 15th century, both within and away from burgh boundary at the Den Burn and Witch Den, coupled with possibly up to 50 more households. This could mean an overall total of about 1 / 2 of the 1755 population but still am small that virtually everyone must have known everybody else.
The Lordship
The lordship originated with the abthen lands of the abbots, which were interspersed with others of the bishop and clergy, including some inside the city limits. Although the bishop was superior on most of the city of Brechin, the inhabitants were thirled to the Meikle Mill, which belonged towards the Maison Dieu hospital whose superior was god, while the bishop and chapter had their very own Little Mill, off the Traditional, to which the different church lands near the town were thirled. The land around the burgh north of St. David Street, St. Mary Street and Castle Street and west of Market Street originally belonged to the lordship, including that with which the Maison Dieu was endowed with around 1265.
The lords also had power as chief judicial officer within the inhabitants of Brechin, even though bishop was their superior in other activities. It is not recorded the way the lands with their caput Brechin castle, came into existence detached from the abbatical family. The last lay abbot, Donald (c. 1179-1211) perhaps had no direct heirs and may have been persuaded to leave his estate to the crown, a not unknown practice. Around 1180, part of the abthen lands at Maryton (Old Montrose) attached to the church there, had been granted using the church and it is teinds to Arbroath Abbey, while its bishop's lands and salmon fishing there have been retained. One descendant of Abot Leod, Gylanders MacLod, held to the lands of Navar, Tillyarblit, Keithock and others around 1227-1232, held feudally in the Crown by knight service.
The lands of the medieval lordship included: the Haugh of Brechin (the castle grounds and Haughmuir), Kintrockit, Balnabreith, Pittendreich and Pitpollocks (Broomfield) to the west; and Burghill, Pentaskall, Leuchland, Leightonhill, Kincraig and Balbirnie about the south and east; also Hedderwick and Clayleck north of Montrose. Later the lands ov Navar (on the west side of Glen Lethnot) became attached and the title "Lord of Brechin and Navar" was adopted. The lordship tenants were once served with a group of hereditary smiths. In 1514, Alexander Lindsay was acknowledged as heir of his father, Richard Lindsay, as common smith towards the lordship, and in 1605, David Lindsay, blacksmith and citizen of Brechin was served heir to his father, Robert Lindsay,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], within the same post. The smiths had to make and repair ploughs and sheep shears for that tenants of the lordship lands and in return were granted nine firlots of meal (or oats planted) from each plough and also the wool of one mature sheep from each tenant. Additionally they held the troft called Forkit Aker north of Latch Road. The lordship originated shortly before 1214 once the lands received by King William I to his brother, David, Earl of Huntington and Garioch.
The Castle
The castle is situated near to the city on the triangle of land between your river South Esk on one side and also the deep den from the Skinner's Burn on the other. Until 1714, when the castle was largely rebuilt, there is an in-depth gully or mote cut between the two waterways, defending the method of the castle. The castle,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], being in a strategic position near the main north-south route on the east of Scotland, featured within the wars of Independence on several occasions. About the 10th of July 1296, it was in Brechin Castle that King John Balliol finally submitted his crown and kingdom to King Edward I of England and also the Great Seal of Scotland was broken in pieces.
In 1298,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Wallace seized the castle from a garrison holding it for King Edward. In 1303, David, Lord of Brechin, was absent on the English side and also the Scots garrison (your body of soldiers who lived in the castle and defended it) was led by Sir Thomas Maule2, a younger brother of Sir William Maule of Panmure. When called on to surrender the Castle to King Edward, he refused along with a great siege took place. Catapults or siege machines were employed in addition to sulphur to lose the castle, parts of which must have been of wood. It must have had a stone ring wall to have resisted such a long time. The lead in the Brechin Cathedral roof was stripped to form counter weights for King Edward's greatest siege engine, War Wolf,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], introduced by sea via Montrose.
According to an English chronicler, Sir Thomas Maule arrogantly dusted the debris in the walls having a cloth, and continued to face up to for 3 weeks. Eventually,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Sir Thomas, standing exposed to be able to direct the defense from the castle, was mortally wounded and died the same evening. His men asked when they should surrender but he explained "no." However, on his death, the defenders gave up. King Edward plundered the castle of their charters and other records. In 1308, David, 3rd Lord of Brechin,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], occupied the castle again for any brief time until he agreed to change sides and support his brother-in-law, King Robert Bruce.
Miriam (Junkins) Proulx Would go to Brechin
Miriam9 (Junkins) Proulx (Clair Buswell8, Albert Atwood7, Henry6, Joseph5, James4, Joseph3, Alexander2, Robert1) visited Brechin very briefly on September 24,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 1994. Her story appeared in JFA Newsletter no. 10, July 1995.
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